Pure Argon
UHP Argon
Spectro Argon
Liquid Argon
Argon + H2
Argon + CO2
Argon + O2
Argon + CO2 + O2
Argon + Helium
Argon + Nitrogen
Argon + Neon
Argon + Krypton
Argon + Hydrogen + Helium
Automobile
Welding and cutting
Automic energy
Nuclear Power
Power generation
Metallurgical
Educational institutions and Aluminium
Gas Nitrogen
Liquid Nitrogen
High-pure Nitrogen
Nitrogen + Oxygen
Nitrogen + Helium
Nitrogen + Hydrogen
Food Industry
Deep freezing
Lighting
Fertilizers
Refineries
Aeronautical
Atomic energy
Nuclear power
Space research
Educational institution
Oil exploration and Chemical.
Medical Oxygen IP
Gas Oxygen
Liquid Oxygen
Automobile
Cement
Steel
Lighting
Welding & Cutting
Power Generation
Metallurgical
Hospital & Nursing Homes
Aluminium
Coal / Lignite mining and Chemical
Cryogenics (32%)
Pressurizing and purging (18%)
Welding (13%)
Controlled atmospheres (18%)
Leak detection (4%)
Breathing mixtures (2%)
Other (13%)
The largest single use of liquid helium is to cool the superconducting magnets in modern MRI scanners.
While balloons are perhaps the best known use of helium, they are a minor part of all helium use. Helium is used for many purposes that require some of its unique properties, such as its low boiling point, low density, low solubility, high thermal conductivity, or inertness. Of the 2014 world helium total production of about 32 million kg (180 million standard cubic meters) helium per year, the largest use (about 32% of the total in 2014) is in cryogenic applications, most of which involves cooling the superconducting magnets in medical MRI scanners and NMR spectrometers. Other major uses were pressurizing and purging systems, welding, maintenance of controlled atmospheres, and leak detection. Other uses by category were relatively minor fractions.
Helium is used as a protective gas in growing silicon and germanium crystals, in titanium and zirconium production, and in gas chromatography, because it is inert. Because of its inertness, thermally and calorically perfect nature, high speed of sound, and high value of the heat capacity ratio, it is also useful in supersonic wind tunnels and impulse facilities.
Helium is used as a shielding gas in arc welding processes on materials that at welding temperatures are contaminated and weakened by air or nitrogen. A number of inert shielding gases are used in gas tungsten arc welding, but helium is used instead of cheaper argon especially for welding materials that have higher heat conductivity, like aluminium or copper.
Laser cutting
Laser welding
Prime contribution ratio of laser mixer gas / pre mixed gas
One industrial application for helium is leak detection. Because helium diffuses through solids three times faster than air, it is used as a tracer gas to detect leaks in high-vacuum equipment (such as cryogenic tanks) and high-pressure containers. The tested object is placed in a chamber, which is then evacuated and filled with helium. The helium that escapes through the leaks is detected by a sensitive device (helium mass spectrometer), even at the leak rates as small as 10−9| mbar·L/s (10−10Pa·m3/s). The measurement procedure is normally automatic and is called helium integral test. A simpler procedure is to fill the tested object with helium and to manually search for leaks with a hand-held device.
Helium leaks through cracks should not be confused with gas permeation through a bulk material. While helium has documented permeation constants (thus a calculable permeation rate) through glasses, ceramics, and synthetic materials, inert gases such as helium will not permeate most bulk metals.
Because it is lighter than air, airships and balloons are inflated with helium for lift. While hydrogen gas is more buoyant, and escapes permeating through a membrane at a lower rate, helium has the advantage of being non-flammable, and indeed fire-retardant. Another minor use is in rocketry, where helium is used as an ullage medium to displace fuel and oxidizers in storage tanks and to condense hydrogen and oxygen to make rocket fuel. It is also used to purge fuel and oxidizer from ground support equipment prior to launch and to pre-cool liquid hydrogen in space vehicles. For example, the Saturn V rocket used in the Apollo program needed about 370,000 m3 (13 million cubic feet) of helium to launch.
Helium as a breathing gas has no narcotic properties, so helium mixtures such as trimix, heliox and heliair are used for deep diving to reduce the effects of narcosis, which worsen with increasing depth. As pressure increases with depth, the density of the breathing gas also increases, and the low molecular weight of helium is found to considerably reduce the effort of breathing by lowering the density of the mixture. This reduces the Reynolds number of flow, leading to a reduction of turbulent flow and an increase in laminar flow, which requires less work of breathing. At depths below 150 metres (490 ft) divers breathing helium–oxygen mixtures begin to experience tremors and a decrease in psychomotor function, symptoms of high-pressure nervous syndrome. This effect may be countered to some extent by adding an amount of narcotic gas such as hydrogen or nitrogen to a helium–oxygen mixture.
Helium–neon lasers, a type of low-powered gas laser producing a red beam, had various practical applications which included barcode readers and laser pointers, before they were almost universally replaced by cheaper diode lasers.
For its inertness and high thermal conductivity, neutron transparency, and because it does not form radioactive isotopes under reactor conditions, helium is used as a heat-transfer medium in some gas-cooled nuclear reactors.
Helium, mixed with a heavier gas such as xenon, is useful for thermoacoustic refrigeration due to the resulting high heat capacity ratio and low Prandtl number. The inertness of helium has environmental advantages over conventional refrigeration systems which contribute to ozone depletion or global warming.
Helium is also used in some hard disk drives.
The use of helium reduces the distorting effects of temperature variations in the space between lenses in some telescopes, due to its extremely low index of refraction. This method is especially used in solar telescopes where a vacuum tight telescope tube would be too heavy.
Helium is a commonly used carrier gas for gas chromatography.
The age of rocks and minerals that contain uranium and thorium can be estimated by measuring the level of helium with a process known as helium dating.
Helium at low temperatures is used in cryogenics, and in certain cryogenics applications. As examples of applications, liquid helium is used to cool certain metals to the extremely low temperatures required for superconductivity, such as in superconducting magnets for magnetic resonance imaging. The Large Hadron Collider at CERN uses 96 metric tons of liquid helium to maintain the temperature at 1.9 kelvin.
Scuba Diving (Deep Sea Research) is a mode of underwater diving where the diver uses a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (scuba) which is completely independent of surface supply, to breathe underwater. Scuba divers carry their own source of Breathing Gas ie., Helium and Oxygen Mixture Gas (Heliox), allowing them greater independence and freedom of movement than surface-supplied divers, and longer underwater endurance than breath-hold divers. Open circuit scuba systems discharge the breathing gas into the environment as it is exhaled, and consist of one or more diving cylinders containing breathing gas at high pressure which is supplied to the diver through a regulator. They may include additional cylinders for range extension, decompression gas or emergency breathing gas. Closed-circuit or semi-closed circuit re-breather scuba systems allow recycling of exhaled gases. The volume of gas used is reduced compared to that of open circuit, so a smaller cylinder or cylinders may be used for an equivalent dive duration. Re-breathers extend the time spent underwater compared to open circuit for the same gas consumption; they produce fewer bubbles and less noise than open circuit scuba which makes them attractive to covert military divers to avoid detection, scientific divers to avoid disturbing marine animals, and media divers to avoid bubble interference.
Air
Ammonia
Boron Trichloride
Boron Trifluoride
1,3-Butadiene
n-Butane
1-Butene
2-Butene
cis-2-Butene
trans-2-Butene
Carbon Monoxide
Chlorine
Deuterium
Dimethyi Ether
Ethane
Ethylene
Halocarbon C318 (Octafluorocyclobutane)
Hexafluoropropylene
Isobutane
Isobutylene
Krypton
Methane
Methyl Chloride
Methyl Fluoride
Monomethylamine
Neon
Nitric Oxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Propane
Propylene
Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur Hexafluoride
Sulfur Tetrafluoride
Trimethylamine
Xenon
Hydrogen
Hydrogen Bromide
Hydrogen Chloride
Hydrogen Iodide
Hydrogen Sulfide
Petroleum Recovery and Refining, Fuel Cells, Food, Chemical Processing, Metal Production and Fabrication, Pharmaceuticals, Aerospace, Electronics and Power Generation
Automobile, Welding and cutting, Cement, Steel and Power generation.
Fire extinguishers, Laser, Oil wells, Chemical industry, Metal industry, Fumigation and Beverages.
Dry ice, sometimes referred to as "cardice" (chiefly by British chemists), is the solid form of carbon dioxide. It is used primarily as a cooling agent. Its advantages include lower temperature than that of water ice and not leaving any residue (other than incidental frost from moisture in the atmosphere). It is useful for preserving frozen foods where mechanical cooling is unavailable.
Dry ice sublimates at 194.65 K (−78.5 °C; −109.3 °F), at Earth atmospheric pressures. This extreme cold makes the solid dangerous to handle without protection due to burns caused by freezing (frostbite). While generally not very toxic, the outgassing from it can cause hypercapnia (abnormally elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood) due to buildup in confined locations.
Dry ice is the solid form of carbon dioxide (CO2), a molecule consisting of a single carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms. Dry ice is colorless, non-flammable, with a sour zesty odor, and can lower the pH of a solution when dissolved in water, forming carbonic acid (H2CO3).
The density of dry ice varies, but usually ranges between about 1.4 and 1.6 g/cm3 (87 and 100 lb/cu ft). The low temperature and direct sublimation to a gas makes dry ice an effective coolant, since it is colder than water ice and leaves no residue as it changes state. Its enthalpy of sublimation is 571 kJ/kg (25.2 kJ/mol).At pressures below 5.13 atm and temperatures below −56.4 °C (−69.5 °F) (the triple point), CO2 changes from a solid to a gas with no intervening liquid form, through a process called sublimation.[note 1] The opposite process is called deposition, where CO2 changes from the gas to solid phase (dry ice). At atmospheric pressure, sublimation/deposition occurs at −78.5 °C (−109.3 °F) or 194.65 K.
Dry ice is non-polar, with a dipole moment of zero, so attractive intermolecular van der Waals forces operate. The composition results in low thermal and electrical conductivity.
The most common use of dry ice is to preserve food, using non-cyclic refrigeration.
It is frequently used to package items that must remain cold or frozen, such as ice cream or biological samples, without the use of mechanical cooling.
Dry ice can be used to flash-freeze food or laboratory biological samples, carbonate beverages, make ice cream, solidify oil spills and stop ice sculpturesand ice walls from melting.
Dry ice can be used to arrest and prevent insect activity in closed containers of grains and grain products, as it displaces oxygen, but does not alter the taste or quality of foods. For the same reason, it can prevent or retard food oils and fats from becoming rancid.
When dry ice is placed in water, sublimation is accelerated, and low-sinking, dense clouds of smoke-like fog are created. This is used in fog machines, at theaters, haunted house attractions, and nightclubs for dramatic effects. Unlike most artificial fog machines, in which fog rises like smoke, fog from dry ice hovers near the ground. Dry ice is useful in theater productions that require dense fog effects. The fog originates from the bulk water into which the dry ice is placed, and not from atmospheric water vapor (as is commonly assumed).
It is occasionally used to freeze and remove warts. However, liquid nitrogen performs better in this role, since it is colder so requires less time to act, and less pressure. Dry ice has fewer problems with storage, since it can be generated from compressed carbon dioxide gas as needed.
Plumbers use equipment that forces pressurised liquid CO2 into a jacket around a pipe. The dry ice formed causes the water to freeze, forming an ice plug, allowing them to perform repairs without turning off the water mains. This technique can be used on pipes up to 4 inches (100 mm) in diameter.
Dry ice can be used as bait to trap mosquitoes, bedbugs, and other insects, due to their attraction to carbon dioxide.
It can be used to exterminate rodents. This is done by dropping pellets into rodent tunnels in the ground and then sealing off the entrance, thus suffocating the animals as the dry ice sublimates.
Tiny dry ice pellets can be used to fight fire by both cooling fuel and suffocating the fire by excluding oxygen.
The extreme temperature of dry ice can cause viscoelastic materials to change to glass phase. Thus it is useful for removing many types of pressure sensitive adhesives.
Dry ice can be used for loosening asphalt floor tiles or car sound deadening material making it easy to prise off, as well as freezing water in valveless pipes to enable repair.
One of the largest mechanical uses of dry ice is blast cleaning. Dry ice pellets are shot from a nozzle with compressed air, combining the power of the speed of the pellets with the action of the sublimation. This can remove residues from industrial equipment. Examples of materials removed include ink, glue, oil, paint, mold and rubber. Dry ice blasting can replace sandblasting, steam blasting, water blasting or solvent blasting. The primary environmental residue of dry ice blasting is the sublimed CO2, thus making it a useful technique where residues from other blasting techniques are undesirable. Recently, blast cleaning has been introduced as a method of removing smoke damage from structures after fires.
Dry ice is also useful for the de-gassing of flammable vapours from storage tanks — the sublimation of dry ice pellets inside an emptied and vented tank causes an outrush of CO2 that carries with it the flammable vapours.
The removal and fitting of cylinder liners in large engines requires the use of dry ice to chill and thus shrink the liner so that it freely slides into the engine block. When the liner then warms up, it expands, and the resulting interference fit holds it tightly in place. Similar procedures may be used in fabricating mechanical assemblies with a high resultant strength, replacing the need for pins, keys or welds.
Dry-ice blasting, a form of carbon dioxide cleaning, is used in a number of industrial applications.
It is also useful as a cutting fluid.
In laboratories, a slurry of dry ice in an organic solvent is a useful freezing mixture for cold chemical reactions and for condensing solvents in rotary evaporators. Dry ice/acetone forms a cold bath of −78 °C, which can be used for instance to prevent thermal runaway in a Swern oxidation.
The process of altering cloud precipitation can be done with the use of dry ice. It was widely used in experiments in the US in the 1950s and early 60s before it was replaced by silver iodide. Dry ice has the advantage of being relatively cheap and completely non-toxic. Its main drawback is the need to be delivered directly into the supercooled region of clouds being seeded.
There are a wide variety of dry ice applications. Below we list some of the common consumer and domestic uses of dry ice, along with suggested products for each application.
If you want to keep produce at chilled temperatures, then use smaller amounts of dry ice in the container and don’t place it directly on the food or drink, but rather in a side compartment or with some kind of buffer or packing between the dry ice and the food. Gel packs are ideal if you only want to keep food and drink chilled without any risk of freezing. Soak Gel packs in water and then place in your freezer to prepare them. You can then distribute them evenly throughout your cooler.
If you want to keep your produce frozen then use dry ice. Dry Ice slices are ideal as they are individually wrapped and easy to distribute across your cooler or storage carton. 10kgs of dry ice would be suitable for 48 hours of storage. Remember, the better insulated the container the longer the dry ice will last. Fill any remaining airspace in the container with newspaper or some kind of packaging. This helps to reduce the rate at which the dry ice sublimates (turns from a solid to a gas form).
Dry ice is widely used for airline shipping and is identified by a Class 9 UN1845 label. We supply these labels on our online store. For assistance calculating how much dry ice you will require, please contact our team with the internal dimensions of your storage container and the expected shipping time. As ambient temperatures can impact the longevity of the dry ice, we recommend using slightly more dry ice than you expect to need or using a Thermosafe Insulated Shipper. These are available in two different sizes and because they offer a greater level of insulation they will hold the dry ice for a longer period of time.
Create a romantic dancing-on-clouds effect for your first dance. Dry ice produces the perfect low-lying fog that flows across the ground. A dedicated dry ice smoke machine should be used with the dry ice. The recommended type of dry ice is dependent on the type of dry ice smoke machine that you hire. Typically dry ice pellets or a 10kg block of dry ice is best. The hire company will be able to advise you which is most suitable.
Dry ice is a spectacular addition to a champagne glass tower, creating a cascading fog effect. Always use ChilliSticks when adding dry ice to any drinks intended for consumption. ChilliSticks are specially developed to hold dry ice pellets safely in a glass without risk of swallowing the dry ice. Dry Ice should never be added loose into drinks – the extremely low temperature of the dry ice (-78oC) could result in internal injuries if consumed.
Dry ice can create a wide variety of fun Halloween themed effects, from cauldrons of bubbling fog to eerie graveyards! We love to see our customers creations each year and you can see some Pellets are the most popular form of dry ice at Halloween time as they are easy to use in small quantities and to create a number of different effects. Hosting a Halloween party? You can purchase different size party packs from our online store that include dry ice, chill sticks, insulated gloves and a dry ice scoop.
Dry ice is sometimes used in the presentation of food in restaurants. Dry Ice pellets work best as you can add small amounts to serving trays to produce a fog effect around the food dishes. Add the dry ice pellets to warm water to produce the desired fog vapour.
Add Dry ice to cocktails and other drinks to produce a fun and unique fog effect. ChilliSticks are specially developed to hold dry ice pellets safely in a glass without risk of the dry ice being swallowed. You can preload them with dry ice pellets and then submerge the ChilliSticks in the remaining dry ice ready for use. Never add Dry Ice loose into drinks – the extremely low temperature of the dry ice (-78oC) could results in internal injuries if swallowed.
You can use dry ice to make homemade ice cream. Crush dry ice pellets and add them to the ice-cream ingredients until the mixture reaches the desired consistency. Carbon dioxide bubbles can become trapped in the mixture, resulting in a carbonated ice-cream.
How to Make Home Made ICE CREAM Less than a Minute
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With a temperature of -78oC, Dry Ice blocks or slices are most suitable for freeze-branding. Place the dry ice into a container and pour methylated spirits over the Dry Ice. Place the branding iron into this super-cooled alcohol mixture. Once sufficiently cooled, press it against the animal’s hide. This applys the permanent brand mark without damaging the hide.
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